Energy Unit Test Review Sheet
The test will include: concepts of energy, electromagnetic spectrum, global warming and electricity (NO ASTRONOMY).
Review the following terms and concepts for the test.
Energy- the ability to do work.
The two major classifications of energy:
Kinetic Energy- energy of motion
Potential Energy- stored energy ready to be released.
Specific Types of Energy
There are many types of energy. Often people will start with one type of energy and then change it into other, more usable, types.
Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of molecules. This is a form of potential energy until the bonds are broken. Fossil fuels and biomass store chemical energy. Products that contain chemical energy include: TNT, baking soda, and a match.
Electrical energy: The movement of electrically charged particles produces electrical energy. Lightning, and static electricity are examples of electrical energy that occur naturally. (Static electricity is what you see when your clothes stick together.) Science hasn't found a way to use natural forms of electrical energy, like lightning. Instead, we use different energy sources to create electrical energy by using generators and turbines.
Gravitational energy is the attraction between two objects. The moon in its orbit around the earth, the earth in its orbit around the sun, the ocean's tides, your ability to stay on the ground instead of floating into the atmosphere are all examples of gravitational energy. Research is going on in this field. Waves may be harnessed in the future to provide electrical energy.
Heat energy is created in the movement of atoms. Boiling water, burning wood, and rubbing your hands together really fast are all examples of heat energy. Geothermal, and passive solar are sources of heat energy, but biomass (a type of chemical energy) can be burned to produce heat energy.
Light energy is the movement of photons. (The light spectrum of electromagnetic waves shows light energy.) All life on earth is dependent on light energy from the sun. Light energy is part of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes radio waves (AM, FM, TV), microwaves, X-rays, and plant growth. Active solar energy uses photovoltaic panels and light to turn light energy into chemical energy.
Magnetic energy is the attraction of objects made of iron. Medical equipment (MRI scanning), compass, refrigerator magnets are all examples of magnetic energy. Any type of energy source that uses a generator in the process to make electricity uses magnetic energy.
Mechanical energy is the movement of machine parts. Wind-up toys, grandfather clocks, and pogo sticks are examples of mechanical energy. Wind power uses mechanical energy to help create electricity.
Nuclear energy is the energy stored within atoms. Nuclear energy is unusual in that it can give off energy in the form of light or heat, but it is the change in the atom's makeup that produces the energy. Submarines, power plants, and smoke detectors all use nuclear energy. Nuclear power plants use uranium, a radioactive element, to create electricity.
Sound energy is the movement molecules in the air that produces vibrations. Alarms, music, speech, ultrasound medical equipment all use sound energy. VCR tapes change sound energy into electrical energy. The electrical energy records the sound using magnetic tape. Speakers read the magnetic tape and change it back into sound.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Know the order of the waves from largest wavelength to smallest and the basics of each:
Radiowaves- the longest waves, radio and tv signals are sent this way.
Microwaves- cooking food and sending some communication signals
Infrared- objects with heat give off these waves, many nocturnal animals "see" using this form of spectrum energy.
Visible Light- the visible part of the spectrum including the millions of colors we can see
Ultraviolet- dangerous to our skin (WEAR SUNSCREEN), used to sterilize equipment
X-Rays- tiny wavelengths allow this to pass through flesh and produce images of bone.
Gamma Rays- the smallest wavelength, dangerous, results from nuclear activity such as explosions.
(Remember: Ronald McDonald Is Visualizing Uncle's XBox Games)
Good image here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can not be created nor destroyed, just change from one form to another.
Know that HEAT is usually the end of the line for energy transformations because it is very difficult to go from heat to other forms of energy.
Global Warming (see global warming resource notebook)
Greenhouse effect- heat from the sun's energy is trapped by greenhouse gases allowing the earth to be a livable temperature.
Global warming- the theory that human activities are intensifying the Greenhouse Effect mostly due to the release of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels.
Three most common greenhouse gases are: H2O, CO2 and Methane (CH4).
Know some of the possible consequences of global warming.
Know some of the possible solutions to global warming.
Electricity
Atom- a tiny particle made up of protons and neutrons (in the nucleus) and electrons around the outside.
Electricity- the flow of electrons through a conductor.
Conductor- a material that allows for electrons to flow
Insulator- a material that resists the flow of electrons
Circuit- the complete loop-like path necessary for electrons to flow
Short Circuit- a circuit in which the positive and negative ends of the power source are directly connected without a device wired into the circuit (as you know these can be dangerous).
Series Circuit- a circuit in which all powered items are along the same single loop. (one bulb goes out they all go out)
Parallel Circuit- a circuit with two or more loops with powered items on each such that electrons will flow through the undisturbed loops after a break in one loop occurs.
Schematic Diagram- a diagram used by electricians to represent the wiring of circuits.
Battery- a power source containing two different metals and an electrolyte solution. A battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Amps- the unit of measure for the flow of electrons (the current)
Volts- the unit of measure for the potential energy of a power source
Ohms- the unit of measure for the resistance along a cicuit
